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, Peng Zhang College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Yanru Xie College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Wenjie Xie College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Li Li College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Hanghang Zhang College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Xiaoshan Duan College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Rui Zhang College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China Corresponding authors. E-mails: ruizhang@nwafu.edu.cn; liping_guo@nwafu.edu.cn Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Liping Guo College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China Corresponding authors. E-mails: ruizhang@nwafu.edu.cn; liping_guo@nwafu.edu.cn Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic
Horticulture Research, uhae097, https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae097
Published:
09 April 2024
Article history
Received:
03 January 2024
Revision received:
20 March 2024
Accepted:
25 March 2024
Published:
09 April 2024
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Peng Zhang, Yanru Xie, Wenjie Xie, Li Li, Hanghang Zhang, Xiaoshan Duan, Rui Zhang, Liping Guo, Roles of the APETALA3-3 ortholog in the petal identity specification and morphological differentiation in Delphinium anthriscifolium flowers, Horticulture Research, 2024;, uhae097, https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae097
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Abstract
The genus Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) with its unique and highly complex floral structure is an ideal system to address some key questions in terms of morphological and evolutionary studies in flowers. In D. anthriscifolium, for example, the original eight petal primordia differentiate into three types at maturity (i.e., two dorsal spurred, two lateral flat, and four ventral reduced petals). The mechanisms underlying their identity determination and morphological differentiation remain unclear. Here, through a comprehensive approach combining digital gene expression (DGE) profiles, in situ hybridization, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), we explore the role of the APETALLATA3-3 (AP3-3) ortholog in D. anthriscifolium. Our findings reveal that the DeanAP3-3 not only functions as a traditionally known petal identity gene but also plays a critical role in petal morphological differentiation. The DeanAP3-3 gene is expressed in all the petal primordia before their morphological differentiation at earlier stages, but shows a gradient expression level difference along the dorsventral floral axis, with higher expression level in the dorsal spurred petals, intermediate level in the lateral flat petals and lower level in the ventral reduced petals. VIGS experiments revealed that flowers with strong phenotypic changes showed a complete transformation of all the three types of petals into non-spurred sepals. However, in the flowers with moderate phenotypic changes, the transformation of spurred petals into flat petals is associated with moderate silencing of the DeanAP3-3 gene, suggesting a significant impact of expression level on petal morphological differentiation. This research also shed some insights into the role of changes in gene expression levels on morphological differentiation in plants.
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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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